SJSU MLIS Program: Cost, Admissions & Career Outcomes

San Jose State University MLIS Program: What You Need to Know

A comprehensive breakdown of SJSU's fully online MLIS — tuition, curriculum, admissions, and whether the degree is worth it.

By Meredith SimmonsReviewed by MLIS Academic Advisory TeamUpdated May 15, 202610+ min read
SJSU MLIS Program: Cost, Admissions & Career Outcomes

What to Know

  • SJSU's fully online, ALA-accredited MLIS requires 43 units and has no campus visit or GRE requirement.
  • Most online students enroll through Special Session, which charges a flat per-unit rate regardless of residency.
  • The program offers specialization tracks in areas like archives, school librarianship, data science, and youth services.
  • SJSU graduates benefit from one of the largest MLIS alumni networks in the country, strengthening job placement prospects.

San Jose State University's iSchool has offered its ALA-accredited MLIS online since 1997, making it one of the longest-running and largest fully online library science programs in the country. Each year the program graduates hundreds of students, feeding one of the broadest alumni networks in the profession.

The degree is built for working professionals and career changers who need a flexible, fully asynchronous path to an ALA-accredited credential without relocating or leaving a job. There is no GRE requirement, no campus residency, and part-time students can spread coursework across three or more years. For prospective students weighing other MLIS programs in California, SJSU's scale and name recognition make it a natural starting point.

The practical tension for most applicants is cost. The majority of online students enroll through SJSU's Special Session track, which charges a flat per-unit rate that differs significantly from standard CSU tuition. Understanding that distinction, along with how the curriculum, admissions process, and career outcomes compare to alternatives, matters more than rankings.

SJSU MLIS Quick Facts

Here is a snapshot of the key details prospective students need to know about San Jose State University's Master of Library and Information Science program.

Six key facts for the SJSU MLIS program: 43 credits, fully online, ALA accredited, $23,650 to $25,800 total tuition, no GRE required, ideal for career changers

Is SJSU a Good MLIS Program?

San Jose State University's MLIS is one of the largest and most well-known library science programs in the country, and for many prospective students it deserves a spot near the top of their shortlist. Whether it is the right fit depends on what you need from a program in terms of format, cost structure, cohort experience, and specialization depth.

Core Strengths That Set SJSU Apart

SJSU's MLIS holds ALA accreditation, the credential that most public library systems and academic institutions require when hiring professional librarians. Beyond the accreditation stamp, a few qualities distinguish it from dozens of other accredited options:

  • Massive alumni network: SJSU graduates one of the largest MLIS cohorts each year, which translates into a broad professional network stretching across public, academic, corporate, and government library sectors nationwide.
  • Fully online, fully asynchronous: Every required and elective course can be completed online with no mandatory synchronous sessions or campus visits, a rarity even among programs that market themselves as "online."
  • Tech-forward specializations: Faculty research and elective offerings lean into areas like user experience design, data science, digital services, and information architecture, giving students exposure to roles beyond the traditional library setting.
  • California State University brand: For residents of California, the CSU system carries strong regional recognition, and SJSU's location in the heart of Silicon Valley reinforces its technology orientation.

Who Is the Best Fit?

The program tends to work especially well for career changers who cannot attend live class sessions, California residents looking to leverage in-state tuition through Regular Session enrollment, and students drawn to the intersection of librarianship and technology. If you already hold a bachelor's degree in an unrelated field and need a flexible path into the profession, SJSU's asynchronous model removes most logistical barriers. Students who prefer a smaller, more traditional campus experience may find a better match at programs like the Indiana University Bloomington MLIS program or the FSU MLIS program, both of which offer hybrid and on-campus options alongside their online tracks.

Honest Drawbacks to Consider

No program is perfect, and SJSU has trade-offs worth weighing before you apply:

  • Tuition complexity: Students who enroll through Special Session pay a higher per-unit rate, and that track does not qualify for most CSU-administered financial aid, including many grants and fee waivers. The cost difference can be significant over 40-plus units.
  • Large cohort sizes: Because the program enrolls so many students, individual courses can feel crowded. Students who thrive on close faculty mentorship or small-group discussion may find the experience less personal than they would like.
  • No hybrid or on-campus option: The fully online model is a strength for remote learners, but if you prefer face-to-face seminars, lab sessions, or on-campus immersion experiences, SJSU does not offer that pathway.

When to Look Elsewhere

Consider alternative programs if you want a smaller, cohort-based learning community where you know every classmate by name, a named specialization that SJSU does not currently offer (law librarianship, for example), or a school that guarantees graduate assistantships and tuition waivers for online students. In those scenarios, a different ALA-accredited program may align more closely with your priorities.

Questions to Ask Yourself

Do you need a program you can complete entirely online while working full-time?
SJSU's MLIS is designed for working professionals and can be finished fully online with asynchronous coursework. If you prefer in-person seminars or face-to-face cohort bonding, this format may feel isolating compared to hybrid alternatives.
Are you eligible for California resident tuition, or will you need to budget for Special Session rates?
California residents enrolled in the Regular Session pay significantly less per unit than out-of-state students or those in the Special Session track. Clarifying your residency status early helps you estimate total costs accurately and compare SJSU against programs in your home state.
Is a large, well-connected alumni network more valuable to you than small-cohort mentorship?
SJSU graduates one of the largest MLIS classes in the country each year, which means extensive professional connections nationwide. However, class sizes can limit one-on-one faculty interaction, so students who thrive on close mentorship may want to weigh that tradeoff.

SJSU MLIS Program Cost and Tuition: Regular Session vs. Special Session

Understanding what you will actually pay for the SJSU MLIS requires knowing one critical distinction: the university runs two enrollment tracks with very different fee structures. Most prospective students assume they will pay standard CSU tuition, but the majority of online MLIS students are enrolled through Special Session, which carries its own per-unit pricing.1 Getting this right early can save you from sticker shock and help you budget realistically for the full 40-unit degree.

Regular Session: Standard CSU Tuition

Regular Session follows the familiar California State University tuition schedule. For the 2025-2026 academic year, in-state graduate tuition (including mandatory campus fees) runs approximately $3,538 per semester for full-time enrollment.2 Out-of-state students pay a substantial nonresident tuition surcharge on top of that base, which can more than double the cost per semester.

However, Regular Session enrollment in the MLIS is limited. SJSU generally restricts Regular Session seats to students living within the university's local service area, roughly corresponding to ZIP codes in the 939xx through 958xx range.3 If you live outside that footprint, or if course sections are only offered through the self-support track in a given term, you will likely be placed in Special Session regardless of California residency.

Special Session: The Track Most Online Students Use

Special Session operates on a self-support model, meaning it does not draw from state general-fund subsidies. As a result, it charges a flat per-unit rate that applies to all students regardless of where they live. For the 2025-2026 academic year, that rate is $568 per unit.1 At 9 units per semester (a common full-time load), that comes to roughly $5,112 per semester before any additional fees.

Across the full 40-unit degree, a Special Session student can expect to pay approximately $22,720 in tuition alone. Additional costs to factor in include:

  • Campus and technology fees: Mandatory university fees are bundled into the Regular Session rate but may be assessed separately for Special Session students. Expect a few hundred dollars per term.
  • iSchool course fees: Some courses carry supplemental fees for software access or specialized lab resources. These vary by section but typically range from $20 to $75 per course.
  • Books and materials: Budget an additional $500 to $1,000 over the life of the program, depending on how many open-access readings your instructors assign.

For in-state Regular Session students, total program costs can come in noticeably lower, but access to that track is not guaranteed for every student or every semester.

Financial Aid: What Is and Isn't Available

The enrollment track you land in has a direct impact on which aid you can access. Regular Session students are eligible for the full range of FAFSA-based aid, including CSU grants, Cal Grant awards, and federal subsidized loans. Special Session students, on the other hand, are generally limited to federal unsubsidized loans and any external scholarships they secure on their own. Graduate assistantships, which can offset costs at some universities, are not widely available to online-only MLIS students at SJSU.

That makes outside scholarships for mlis students especially important if you are enrolling through Special Session. A few worth exploring:

  • ALA Spectrum Scholarship: The American Library Association awards these annually to students from underrepresented groups enrolled in ALA-accredited programs. SJSU's MLIS qualifies, and past SJSU students have received this award.
  • SJSU iSchool scholarships: The iSchool itself administers several small scholarships and awards for current MLIS students, typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. These are competitive and often tied to academic merit or professional promise.
  • California Library Association awards: CLA offers grants and scholarships to students pursuing library careers in the state, and SJSU applicants are strong candidates given the program's reputation in the California library community.

Putting It All Together

For most online students, the realistic total cost of the SJSU MLIS falls in the $23,000 to $25,000 range once you add fees and materials to the Special Session tuition. That is higher than the in-state Regular Session path but remains competitive with many other ala accredited online mlis programs. Before you commit, confirm with the iSchool admissions office which session you would be enrolled in, as this single variable shapes both your tuition bill and your financial aid options more than almost any other factor.

SJSU MLIS Tuition at a Glance: Regular vs. Special Session

SJSU offers its MLIS through two enrollment tracks with very different pricing structures. Most fully online students are admitted into Special Session, which charges a flat per-unit rate regardless of residency. Understanding the difference can save you thousands.

Comparison of SJSU MLIS tuition across Regular Session in-state, Regular Session out-of-state, and Special Session for a 40-unit degree

Curriculum and Specializations in the SJSU MLIS

The SJSU MLIS requires 43 units to complete, built around a compact core of foundational courses and a wide selection of electives that let you shape the degree toward your career goals.1 Every student must earn a B or better in each course, which keeps the academic bar consistent across the program's large online cohort.2

Core Courses (13 Units)

Five required courses form the program's foundation and are typically completed during the first few semesters:2

  • INFO 200: An introduction to the information professions, covering the history, ethics, and evolving roles of librarians and information specialists.
  • INFO 202: Focuses on information retrieval and the systems that organize knowledge, giving students practical search and database skills.
  • INFO 203: Explores online learning concepts and instructional design, which is especially relevant for librarians who will teach patrons or lead workshops.
  • INFO 204: Covers the principles of information organizations, including how libraries and archives acquire, manage, and provide access to collections.
  • INFO 285: A research methods course that prepares students to evaluate evidence and, if they choose, pursue a thesis.

These 13 core units account for roughly a third of the degree. The remaining 30 units come from electives, specialization coursework, and a culminating experience.

Specialization Pathways and Career Focus Areas

SJSU offers one formal concentration, School Librarianship, which leads to the California Teacher Librarian Services Credential.3 Students in this pathway complete a required practicum in a school setting and take credential-specific courses. It is the only track where fieldwork is mandatory.

Beyond that formal concentration, the iSchool's elective catalog is deep enough that students commonly build informal focus areas in:

  • Archives and online mlis records management
  • Data science and informatics
  • Digital services and user experience
  • Youth services
  • Public librarianship

These are not officially named pathways in the catalog, so you will not see a "certificate" or "track" label on your transcript.4 Instead, you select a coherent cluster of electives, often with the guidance of an advisor, to create a specialization that aligns with your target job market.

Culminating Experience Options

Every student completes one of two culminating experiences to graduate:1

  • e-Portfolio (INFO 289): The most common choice. You compile and reflect on work produced throughout the program, demonstrating mastery of core competencies. It is a practical option that doubles as a professional showcase for job applications.
  • Thesis (INFO 299): A formal research project completed under faculty supervision. This route suits students considering doctoral study or careers in research-intensive settings. It requires a stronger commitment to original inquiry and typically takes longer to finish.

The program catalog also references a comprehensive exam option historically, but the current 2025-2026 catalog highlights the e-portfolio and thesis as the active pathways.

Practicum and Fieldwork

For general MLIS students, practicum is elective rather than required.2 If you want hands-on experience before graduating, you can enroll in a fieldwork course and arrange a placement at a library, archive, or information center near you. Because the program is fully online, SJSU does not place you at a specific site. You are responsible for identifying and securing a local host organization, though the iSchool provides guidance and a list of partner sites that have hosted students in the past.

Students interested in structured mentorship can also look into the MLIS+ Mentored Library Fellowship, which launched in Fall 2025.2 This optional program pairs students with working library professionals for a guided professional development experience.

The combination of a lean core, flexible electives, and multiple culminating options gives you considerable control over how the degree fits your career plan, whether that is a public library reference desk, a corporate information center, or a school media program.

Admissions Requirements and How to Apply to SJSU's MLIS

SJSU's MLIS admissions process is straightforward compared to many graduate programs, and the absence of a standardized test requirement removes one of the biggest barriers prospective students face. Here is what you need to know before you apply.

Core Requirements

To be considered for the MLIS program, applicants must submit the following:

  • Bachelor's degree: A completed undergraduate degree from a regionally accredited institution is required. There is no preference for a specific major, so applicants from education, humanities, STEM, and other fields are all welcome.
  • Minimum GPA: CSU graduate programs typically require a cumulative GPA of at least 3.0 in the last 60 semester units (or 90 quarter units) of undergraduate work. Applicants who fall slightly below may still be considered with strong supporting materials.
  • Statement of purpose: A written essay explaining your interest in library and information science, your professional goals, and why SJSU is the right fit.
  • Letters of recommendation: Two or three letters from academic or professional references who can speak to your readiness for graduate study.
  • Current resume or CV: Highlighting relevant work, volunteer, or academic experience.

No GRE Required

SJSU does not require the GRE for MLIS admission, and this policy has been in place for years. For career changers, working professionals, and anyone who has been out of school for a while, this is a significant advantage. Your application is evaluated holistically based on your academic record, your statement of purpose, and your professional background rather than a single test score. If the no-test policy is a deciding factor for you, there are many other no-GRE masters in library science programs worth exploring as well.

Regular Session vs. Special Session Applications

Most online MLIS students at SJSU enroll through the Special Session track, which is administered by the iSchool and often features rolling or extended application deadlines beyond the standard CSU filing periods. The Regular Session follows traditional CSU deadlines, typically opening in October and closing in early spring for fall enrollment. If you are applying as an online student, confirm with the iSchool which track applies to your intended start term, as deadlines and available course sections can differ between the two.

International Applicants

International students must meet additional requirements beyond the standard materials listed above:

  • English proficiency: A minimum TOEFL score of 80 (internet-based) or an IELTS score of 6.5 is generally required. Some applicants may qualify for a waiver based on prior education completed in English.
  • Transcript evaluation: International transcripts must be evaluated by an approved credential evaluation service to confirm degree equivalency.
  • Additional documentation: Depending on visa status and country of origin, supplementary financial or identification documents may be required.

Because the MLIS is available fully online, international students can often complete the degree from their home country without a student visa, though they should verify any enrollment restrictions with the admissions office before applying.

Online Format and Flexible Learning at SJSU iSchool

The SJSU MLIS is delivered entirely online, making it one of the most accessible ALA-accredited programs in the country. There are no required campus visits, residencies, or in-person intensives. The vast majority of coursework is asynchronous, meaning you complete readings, discussions, and assignments on your own schedule each week. Synchronous sessions (live video meetings) are rare and typically optional, reserved for occasional guest speakers or group project check-ins rather than required lectures.

Full-Time vs. Part-Time Pacing

Students have meaningful flexibility in how quickly they move through the 42-unit curriculum.

  • Full-time pace: Taking three courses (nine units) per semester, most full-time students finish in roughly two years, including summers.
  • Part-time pace: Taking one or two courses per semester, part-time students typically complete the degree in three to four years.
  • Mixed approach: Many students shift between full-time and part-time loads as their work or personal schedules change, with no penalty for adjusting pace from one semester to the next.

New students can begin in either the fall or spring semester, which means you do not have to wait for a single annual start date if you miss one application cycle.

Learning Platform and Collaboration Tools

SJSU's iSchool delivers coursework through the Canvas learning management system. Students need a reliable internet connection, a computer that meets standard university specifications, and access to a webcam and microphone for the occasional live session or recorded presentation. Course materials, discussion boards, assignment submissions, and grade tracking all live within Canvas.

Group work is a regular component of several core and elective courses. Teams typically coordinate through Canvas discussion threads, shared Google or Microsoft documents, and video conferencing tools like Zoom. Faculty design collaborative assignments so that group members in different time zones can contribute asynchronously, reducing scheduling friction.

Why the Format Matters

Because the program requires no travel and keeps synchronous obligations minimal, it is well suited for working professionals, career changers, and students outside California. Several other online MLIS programs share a similar asynchronous model, but SJSU's combination of full online delivery and a flat tuition rate for out-of-state students makes it especially appealing. You can hold a full-time job, manage family responsibilities, or live anywhere in the world and still progress steadily toward your degree.

SJSU MLIS Career Outcomes and ROI

SJSU's iSchool produces one of the largest graduating classes of any ALA-accredited MLIS program in the country, and that scale translates into a broad, well-connected alumni network. Understanding where graduates land and what they earn can help you gauge whether the investment makes financial sense.

Where SJSU MLIS Graduates Work

According to alumni survey data published by the SJSU iSchool, about 66% of graduates are employed in a library or information science environment, while another 13% apply their skills in an information-related capacity outside a traditional library setting.1 The remaining 21% work in fields outside LIS entirely, often leveraging research, data, or organizational skills in corporate or nonprofit roles.

The most popular library science career pathways among current students mirror industry demand:

  • Public librarianship: Roughly 40% of students target public library roles.2
  • Academic librarianship: About 23% aim for positions at colleges and universities.2
  • Management, digitization, and preservation: Around 15% pursue archival, digital curation, or records management tracks.2
  • Emerging and tech-adjacent roles: A growing share of alumni move into UX research, information architecture, and data analysis, particularly those based in the San Francisco Bay Area and broader California tech corridor.

Notably, 82% of graduates secure employment within six months of finishing the degree, and 92% of those working in LIS hold permanent (not temporary or contract) positions.1 Over half of surveyed alumni reported career advancement after completing the program.

Salary Context

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports a national median annual wage for librarians and media collections specialists in the mid-$60,000 range. In California, that median typically runs noticeably higher, reflecting the state's elevated cost of living and strong demand in large metropolitan library systems. Graduates who pivot into tech-adjacent information roles such as UX research or data management often earn above the traditional librarian median, especially when employed by technology companies or large research institutions in Silicon Valley and the broader Bay Area. For a closer look at California-specific requirements and pay, see our guide on how to become a librarian in California.

Framing the ROI

Return on investment is strongest for California residents enrolled through Regular Session tuition, where total program costs are significantly lower than what out-of-state or Special Session students pay. When you compare estimated total tuition in the low-to-mid five figures against a California librarian salary that exceeds the national median, most graduates can expect the degree to pay for itself within a few years.

For those who leverage SJSU's curriculum in technology-forward specializations, the payoff can be even more pronounced. The program's large alumni network functions as a genuine hiring pipeline, particularly across major California public library systems, University of California and California State University libraries, government agencies, and Bay Area tech companies. Employer satisfaction surveys have reflected 88% confidence in SJSU graduates' professional preparation.1

The bottom line: if you are a California resident or plan to work on the West Coast, the combination of competitive tuition, a flexible online format, and deep regional employer connections makes the SJSU MLIS one of the stronger ROI propositions in library science education. Career changers, who make up roughly 54% of the student body, benefit from both the program's practical curriculum and its reputation among hiring managers who already know and trust SJSU graduates.1

How SJSU Compares to Other Online MLIS Programs

San Jose State University occupies a distinctive middle ground in the online MLIS landscape. It is not the cheapest option available, but its combination of ALA accreditation, fully asynchronous delivery, and one of the largest alumni networks in the library profession gives it a competitive edge that few programs can match. The comparison below illustrates how SJSU stacks up against two common program archetypes: a lower-cost public university MLIS and a higher-brand private university MLIS. No specific schools are named, but the profiles reflect real patterns prospective students will encounter while researching programs on mastersinlibraryscience.org and elsewhere.

FactorSJSU MLISLower-Cost PublicHigher-Brand Private
Delivery FormatFully onlineFully online or hybridOnline with occasional on-campus intensives
Estimated Total Tuition (2025-2026)Approximately $18,000 to $27,000 depending on session type and residencyApproximately $12,000 to $18,000 (in-state)Approximately $40,000 to $70,000
In-State vs. Flat-Rate PricingRegular session offers in-state rates; Special Session charges a flat per-unit fee regardless of residencyTypically offers in-state tuition advantage; out-of-state rates can be significantly higherUsually a single flat tuition rate for all students
Schedule Flexibility (Async vs. Sync)Fully asynchronous with no required live meeting timesMostly asynchronous, though some programs require synchronous sessionsOften includes synchronous seminars or scheduled cohort meetings
Cohort and Network SizeLarge program with hundreds of new students each year; one of the biggest professional alumni networks in the fieldSmaller cohorts, typically 30 to 80 students per yearSmall, selective cohorts of 20 to 50 students per year
Best-Fit Student ProfileWorking professionals and career changers who need maximum scheduling flexibility and value a broad professional networkBudget-conscious in-state residents who want a solid, affordable credentialStudents seeking institutional prestige and smaller class sizes, with a larger budget or strong financial aid

Should You Apply to SJSU's MLIS Program?

Choosing the right MLIS program depends on your learning style, budget, career goals, and schedule. Here is a quick verdict to help you decide whether SJSU's MLIS is the right fit or whether you should keep exploring.

Pros

  • Apply if you want a fully online, ALA-accredited MLIS from one of the largest and most established iSchool programs in the country.
  • Apply if you value a large, active alumni network that spans public libraries, academic institutions, archives, and tech companies nationwide.
  • Apply if you are drawn to tech-adjacent LIS specializations such as data science, user experience, or digital services.
  • Apply if you are a California resident who can enroll in Regular Session courses and take advantage of lower in-state tuition rates.
  • Apply if you need asynchronous flexibility to balance coursework with full-time employment, caregiving, or other commitments.
  • Apply if you want access to a wide variety of elective pathways and the ability to customize your degree around your professional interests.

Cons

  • Consider another program if you prefer a small-cohort experience with close faculty mentorship, as SJSU enrolls a large number of students each term.
  • Consider another program if you need maximum affordability and do not qualify for California resident tuition through Regular Session enrollment.
  • Consider another program if you strongly prefer hybrid or on-campus learning with in-person seminars, labs, or peer interaction.
  • Consider another program if you are seeking a niche specialization, such as law librarianship or music librarianship, that SJSU does not currently offer as a dedicated track.
  • Consider another program if you want a shorter, accelerated timeline, as SJSU's standard plan of study typically spans two years or more.

Frequently Asked Questions About the SJSU MLIS Program

Below are answers to the most common questions prospective students ask about the SJSU MLIS program. If you need details beyond what is covered here, the SJSU iSchool admissions office can provide the most current guidance for your situation.

Is the SJSU MLIS program ALA accredited?
Yes. The SJSU Master of Library and Information Science program is accredited by the American Library Association (ALA). ALA accreditation is widely considered the professional standard for MLIS degrees, and most public library systems, academic libraries, and school districts require or strongly prefer candidates who hold a degree from an ALA-accredited program.
How much does the SJSU MLIS program cost in total?
Total cost depends on whether you enroll through the Regular Session or the Special Session. Regular Session tuition is lower for California residents, typically falling in the range of roughly $10,000 to $12,000 for the full program. The Special Session, which is open to all students regardless of residency, carries a per-unit fee that results in a higher total, often in the range of $20,000 to $25,000. Always confirm current rates with the university.
How long does it take to complete the SJSU MLIS online?
Most students complete the 36-unit program in two to three years when studying part time. Full-time students can finish in as few as 12 to 18 months, depending on course availability and their chosen electives. The flexible online format allows you to adjust your pace each semester based on work and personal commitments.
Does SJSU require the GRE for MLIS admission?
No. SJSU does not require GRE scores for admission to the MLIS program. The admissions review focuses on your undergraduate GPA, statement of purpose, letters of recommendation, and professional resume. This GRE-free policy makes the application process more accessible, particularly for career changers and working professionals.
What is the difference between Regular Session and Special Session at SJSU?
Regular Session is the traditional state-supported enrollment track with lower per-unit fees for California residents, though admission is competitive and residency classification matters. Special Session is a self-support track that charges a flat per-unit rate regardless of where you live. Both tracks lead to the same ALA-accredited MLIS degree and share the same faculty and curriculum.
Can I earn a school librarian credential through SJSU's MLIS program?
Yes. SJSU offers a Teacher Librarian Services Credential pathway that can be pursued alongside or after the MLIS. This option is designed primarily for students who want to work as school librarians in California public schools. Candidates should already hold, or be working toward, a valid teaching credential, as that is a prerequisite for the librarian credential in California.
Is the SJSU MLIS worth it for career changers?
For many career changers, the SJSU MLIS is a strong investment. The fully online format allows you to keep working while studying, the program does not require the GRE, and ALA accreditation ensures your degree is recognized nationwide. The curriculum includes practical components such as e-portfolios and fieldwork that help build professional experience before graduation, easing the transition into a new field.

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